Sunday 20 December 2009

Funding and Distribution

A considerate amount of music video production such as funding and distribution in the UK is carried out by major record label companies such as labels signed to Warner Bros, Paramount, MGM, Universal, and Sony Pictures and so on. Such companies distribute and fund there artist for world markets i.e. being mainstream, largely receiving the finance from other successful music videos so the money is continually going in and out of the company causes a powerhouse effect.

However majority of the UK artist are mainly independent and have to compete with much larger successful companies so receiving funding and distribution can be extremely difficult and time consuming, as they have to break onto the scene by being different.

There are a few organisations in the UK that help artist:

o BFI (partial funding for low budget features / films / videos, New Director’s Scheme)
o British Council (assistance to exhibit & attend film festivals abroad)
o Prince’s Trust (and partners in Europe) for help to run a business (inc film production)
o National Lottery (“Glastonbury - The Movie” was first film to benefit from such funds)
o Arts Council of England (docs on arts subjects)

The organisations listed above help independent artist by help funding them and help them to distribute and receive promotion usually artist will start of as indie by doing something original and creative to grab attention of major and to exploit a gap in the market. There are ways in which artist can help to try and promote their selves by using sites such as MySpace, Facebook and other similar sites for recognition which can help them to receive distribution and filming.

These are the 5 largest companies in media dominating the market:

1. United International Pictures
2. Warner Brothers
3. Buena Vista
4. Twentieth Century Fox
5. Sony

The main reason why most artist have trouble breaking into the market are because of the dominance of these 5 companies as they are mainstream so independent artist and groups have no money to put back into the industry and help artist breakthrough and make a successful music video.

Music videos can seek funding from independent organisation that help independent artist who are not signed receive an audience they receive their funding from organisations like national lottery, princes trust, BFI and the British council, these companies have to help rival against the 5 main companies who are dominant in all areas and have horizontal integration, so funding and distribution for major companies are relatively easily on the other hand for an independent company, not only is ‘it difficult to receive funding as well then having to distribute the final product to audiences.

So most independent artist have to start off with an Indie type of music to receive recognition and support and then mainstream to breakthrough on to the market, this can also be done via mix tapes and other independent sources of music to become well known artist that have used this approach in the British UK Industry such as Chipmunk, Tinchy Strider and so forth released mix tapes and when they were known went mainstream to appeal to a wider audience.


Distributing is the act of distributing or the condition of being distributed distribution also describes everything that happens in between production (making the Music Video) and Broadcasting it so such as CD’s DVD’s and other form of technology being discharged into the market, to receive distribution is difficult if you are not signed and is usually expensive and is time consuming so it is much harder for an independent artist rather than an artist signed to a major label.

Finally artists that receive distribution and funding from organisations are trying to exploit a gap in the market to help get signed to a major by getting signed to a major the funding and distributing process is allot more easier and regular as an independent artist may receive funding and distribution little as compared to an artist who is signed and has the backing of a major media corporation. Funding is usually being able to obtain sponsorships to help fund them by placing products o the sponsorship in the music video, but even with funding and distribution independent artist have to compete with artist that are signed and are well established and have better funding and distribution, so the independent artist have to be different and stand out, which is what we plan to do in our music video by incorporating a theme of peace between Jewish and Muslim people on a style of Romeo and Juliet, other artist and groups that have used this approach would be the black eyed peas with “where is the love” by promoting world peace through media and receiving a positive reaction rather than a typical narrative. There are also less cheap ways of disturbing your music video via the internet which may appear to a less audience then being on T.V website that artist regularly use could be YouTube and other websites.

Proposal


Brief

For our A2 media studies coursework we have been asked to produce a music video. However we are not allowed to use music that has already been produced and well known. The video has to be no longer than five minutes. Our chosen target audience is mainly people roughly aged between 16 – 25 years, therefore we have to consider certain aspects we could in the video to meet their expectations. We have key deadlines in which we have to deliver our work on and our lecture expect us to do so. The whole project including the paperwork and video has to be completed by December 14th. After this we can begin on the creating our DVD cover and magazine advertisement. The deadline for this is on 25th January. By February 8th we must have our blogs completed and finally by the end of March we have to hand in our audience feedback findings & complete evaluation/blog.

Research findings

In conclusion from our group research document, we found that the majority of our target audience prefer to watch a music video based on the theme of love, which includes settings such as romantic islands, clubs/dance floors, the city. This is because it creates excitement and adds a positive vibe to the video. We also researched on technical codes such as the camerawork, sound, special effects and editing as well as the symbolic and cultural codes involving mise-en-scene and graphics/sound effects. We concluded that the characters in all music videos were casually dressed, the males; jeans, t-shirts, trainers. Similarly, the females in tight jeans, low cut tops, which also represents them as promiscuous. Overall, our research indicated that we need to consider the settings, costumes, and camera positions in the video. As we are using a love song, the settings we should consider using, should be in the city at night, or on a hill with the sunset. We also consider to use, simple and modern clothing to compliment the season- winter, so they must wear warm coats and scarves. Also from our genre conventions that the main conventions of a love music video includes a young couple and passion, this could either be about sexuality, dance/music or the setting.

Initial ideas

Based on the above findings, each member of our production team came up with an initial idea in response to the brief.

1. Amina Diwa Saadat

Focusing on our target audience research, my idea was to explore what our target audience mostly expected in a music video. The ideas I came up with to use a live band and make the video into performance as well as a narrative driven. I came up with the idea of having a band playing on stage, cross-cutting to a couple together illustrating the story the band is singing. I chose to use a couple and make it into a true love story because the song is about someone singing about his feelings towards someone he loves. Another idea I came up with based my target audience is that the majority of the scenes should be set at night. Many of our target audience preferred to watch a music video set at night because they believe it makes the scenes more romantic and tells the story better.

2. David Goodwin

I came up with a different idea compared to the other group members. It is set in a college canteen in which there is romance accruing between a customer and a new, young member of staff in the canteen which then leads the couple to a break up because of their differences they have between them. This then leads on to the canteen staff member going off with another staff however of the same gender.

3. Imran Bashir

According to the fact that our audience liked to watch music videos based on a relationship, my idea involved Romeo and Juliet as the love story, it involves an undercover love. Instead of two different families it is going to be two different religions, a Muslim and a Jew. We can incorporate both performances and a narrative of Romeo and Juliet idea as we are also sending out a message showing the conflict in both religions and to find peace and love within both faiths.

Final idea

Our final idea is a development of Imran’s and Geoffrey’s idea, with a modern twist. We decide that it is going to start off with the band performing on stage all dressed in white to symbolise peace. It then fades as the main singer looks to his right and we see a loving couple holding hands on the Harrow view point, at this stage we don’t reveal their faces too much and only see a close up of them holding hands and an establishing shot to show the audience the romantic setting. It then cuts back to the band performing and the singer turning his head forward again from his right. It then fades into the girl praying in the mosque and the guy praying in a synagogue which reveals their identity and tells the audience more about the characters. As the drummer plays the drums we see the dust from the drums forming the lyrics of the song as it rises up into the air. Then we see the Muslim sign of the moon and the star and the Jewish sign of the Star of David blending into each other which cuts into the fireworks bursting out in the sky. In the end of the video we see a close up of the man walking but we don’t know where he is or where he is going and then we see a close of a rose and a medium shot of him standing in front of a grave throwing a rose on it and then it fades in to black.

Production team roles

Planning

Amina Diwa Saadat & Imran Bashir

Responsibilities:

- Create a project schedule
- Plan out who will do what in the group research document and conclude the target audience research
- plan out the proposal and get each group member’s ideas together to write up the final idea
- Write up the script the development, making sure the timings of each scene match up to the timings in the actual video

Construction

Amina Diwa Saadat & David Goodwin

Responsibilities:

- Shooting and making sure the camera shots and right
- Editing including adding the special effects, i.e. the lyrics appearing on the drums.
- Completing misc production paperwork

We chose a non licensed band who are not well known. Our original idea was based on Romeo and Juliet, however due to the amount of time we had we could not go on any further with this idea and therefore we had to change and simplify it a little.



As you can see in these pictures one of the main setting is going to in a well light area becuae its
going to be filmed during night. These are pictures of the Christmas lights and decorations in Oxford Street.







It has to have bright colours and many lights to catchthe audience's eyes and make it look good. We also want nice bright colours such as the pink light reflected in the water, the pink represents love which links to the lyrics of the song.


















Similar Textual Analysis:Ne-Yo – So Sick - Imran Bashir

R&B

Mainstream Young Adults

Lyrics Can Be Found Here http://www.songlyrics.com/ne-yo/so-sick-lyrics/

#So Sick is a 2006 song by new coming artist Ne-Yo the video was launched as the first single of his album “In My Own Words” the video was directed by Hype Williams and had a positive reception from audience around the world

The music used is a R&B track with has a typical R&B structure with verses a hook and a chorus, it has a slow melody and also a bass line which shortly comes into the song. There is a linear narrative with uses of flashback for example throughout the sings there our flashback of him and his lover happy, when the song’s lyrics explain the story of him losing his lover and there our performances of Ne-Yo, there are a balanced mix between all of narratives of performance, linear narrative and flashback. The main theme of the song is undying love as he loses his lover and still wants her this also reinforces the ideology of girl power being dominant and manipulative over men.

The music video starts with a long shot of the scenery which seems to be snowy mountains, so guessing the film was shot in winter. When the track starts playing it shows a shot of the artist, whilst there is a frame with the shot of the snowy mountains still remain. The artist Ne-Yo appears to be wearing a winter furry jacket and a hat reinforcing the fact that its cold. The cold can be used to reinforce he has lost something he feels cold with the title of the song being so sick. There is a lot of white used within the music video I think this is to reinforce the fact that its cold and he’s lost something he’s ‘So Sick’

There are then more scenery shots of the mountain with fades between Ne-Yo and a female with the female us as viewers think she is the female partner of Ne-Yo. She seems to be wearing makeup and has long curly brown hair. Throughout the video she changes costume and at times is wearing sexual clothes The video is shown with both performance shots as well as a narrative with lyrics matching shots to give a sense of idea and reinforce the understanding for example Ne-Yo sings “gotta change my answering machine now that I’m alone” whilst this is being played over there is a shot of a answering machine.

During the shots it’s clear that the female is his lost partner and they break up, she seems to be wearing revealing clothes with sexual shots this reinforces ideology and hegemonies that women are for men’s sexual desires. The setting and props used are the house which seems to look like an expensive home with lots of modern furniture and open spaces, towards the middle of the song there our shots that of Ne-Yo and the female actress playing his partner where they are getting along and having a good time in happiness this is a flashback, we know it’s a flashback as he is singing the lyrics.

Ne-Yo the artist is positioned in the frame mostly centre and middle with close ups where the use of facial expression can be seen he looks sad and depressed throughout the video there aren’t any long shots of Ne-Yo on his own, and the female partner has mostly close up shots of her on her own the shots with both of them are mainly medium to long shots. There are fadings between Ne-Yo and the female partner this is used to show that they are separated. There are jump shots from performance to narrative where Ne-Yo is featured in both and there is a use of tracking when both Ne-Yo and the Female are running through the snow having a snowball fights.

The main theme in this music video is lost love this is show by fading shots, the use of colour which is mainly white to represent coldness and that he is alone and the use of lyrics reinforce that feeling. The ideology is that he lost his love this is clear by the lyrics and that love is powerful it made him sick , there is a linear narrative that boy has girl boy looses girl boy is upset and tries to get the girl back while there are flashbacks also.


Michael Jackson – Beat It

Pop/R&B

Mainstream

Lyrics Can Be Found Here http://www.songlyrics.com/michael-jackson/beat-it-lyrics/

Beat It is a 1982 song by legendary American Pop singer Michael Jackson. The video, which launched Jackson's stardom to international audiences, was directed by Bob Giraldi and set the tone for what would become Jackson's trademark style.

The video's visuals and narrative are tied directly to the lyrics of the song. Jackson sings advice about a confrontation - a person or group of people have angered another group These groups are likely gangs, as depicted in the video. The angered group tells the other not to show their face around anymore, and the song continues advising them not to antagonise the situation and to just "beat it".

Through the city to have a fight. Acting upon the lyrical advice to avoid confrontation, Jackson himself eventually stands between the two gangs as thy are about to fight and convinces them to stand down.

The visuals are also tied directly to the music, in a style that would become known as the definitive Michael Jackson music video manner. Significant portions of the video involve highly choreographed dancing (Notably the gang's fight is really more of a dance number with weapons) to the rhythm and melody of the song. Even in shots where there is little call for dancing, we still frequently see actions in time with the music - such as Jackson shaking his arm for emphasis to the rhythm.

Furthermore, the video is edited in such a way that the majority of the cuts, particularly in the early scene in which word of the impending fight spreads through a pool hall, are at the change between bars.

Jackson himself is general shown either dancing, or in pose designed to suggest he will be dancing soon. This reflects his image as a heavily performance-oriented singer. As a result of videos like this and Thriller, Jackson would eventually become as well known for his over-the-top dance numbers as for his songs. Notably, this video create the Jackson-Trademark "mass dance number" which would be a frequent motif in subsequent iconic Jackson videos, such as the video to Smooth Criminal.

Overall then, this is a hugely influential music video - both for Michael Jackson himself and for the medium generally. One of the most significant and well-implemented efforts to marry stage musical class performance with a narrative in a music video of its day, it still stands up today as incredibly well produced.


Sunday 22 November 2009

Interview Conclusion Drawn

As well doing a questionnaire to find out what our target audience like in a music video and the kinds of music they are interested, we also created an interview. This included open questions to find out more and detailed information on what our audience are interested in.

The first question was ‘What do you think a music video should be based on and why?’ the feed back given to us was mainly that it should be about a love story between a two lovers. The reason for this is mainly because it is one of the main issues in people’s lives these days especially for the younger generation i.e. our target audience. Therefore we need to consider adding something romantic in our video or base it around something to with a relationship in order to meet our target audience’s expectations and needs. This links to question four when we asked ‘What do you think is a great theme for a general music video?’ the feed back from this was quiet similar to the ones we received in question one, the majority of the people said that it should have a love theme and make to romantic.

We also wanted to find out in more detail what kind of settings so for question five we asked ‘What kinds of setting/s do you think would be good to use for a music video based on a love story?’ because we had a draft idea that we were going to use a love song for a video, we wanted our audience to tell us what they would like to see in a love story based music video. The feedback we received was that it should be set in places like on a hill with a sunset because it is romantic or in the city at night because it’s the season when all the lights come on and it will look good in a video with the couple out on a date. Therefore we need to consider using settings similar like that if we were to use a song based on a love story in order to keep our target audience satisfied.

Overall to meet their expectations, we should consider making a love story based video and use settings like on a hill with a view at sun set, or the streets with lights all around them.

Monday 16 November 2009

Interview


  1. What do you think a music video should be based on and why?


  1. What kinds of music are you interested the most and often listen to and why?


  1. What do you normally look for when watching a music video based on a love story?


  1. What do you think is a great theme for a general music video?


  1. What kinds of setting/s do you think would be good to use for a music video based on a love story?


  1. What time of the day do you think is perfect for filming a music video, especially a love story?



Conclusion Drawn - Questionnaire

The majority of the people we did our questionnaires where female and between the age of 19-21 years of age. Question three was “what kind of music do you listen to?” Nearly 60% of the people we asked said that they are into hip-pop and R‘n’B and just under half said rock/indie. This tells us that most teenagers are interested in hip-pop and R‘n’B therefore we have to think about the kind of music we are going to use in our project, we have to make it similar to either one of these genres in order to meet our target audience’s needs and expectations. Question five asks “when do you usually listen to music?” The majority them said socialising, therefore we have to take on account how we are going to make our music video interesting to watch, how it will entertain our audience which is what they are looking for in a music video.

We found out that our audience are more interested in bands, mainly female bands or male rock bands. For our project therefore we have to find out what kinds of bands there are hand how we can make a video using a band. By meeting their needs we therefore have to choose a song a band has sang and fir the video we could film the band performing it. This links to question eight when we asked them “what kind of location do you prefer for a music video to be set in?” Therefore we have to think about making the video a performance based as most of them preferred it to be set in a studio.



Results



Saturday 14 November 2009

Friday 13 November 2009


'Saviour' : The Lights - David Goodwin

Title/Artist:

Saviour was produced by a Canadian group called the Lights as a part of their music album called The Listening. It was released in Canada on 6th July 2009 and in the United States of America in autumn 2009. It had been recorded from 2007-2008. Wikipedia specifies the genre as New Wave, Synth (Synthesised) Pop. The music video is probably aimed at teenagers and young adults.

Narrative:

Poxleitner beings by saying how lonely she is (The night is deafening when the silence is listening) and how she feels that something is missing although she tries to ignore her reliance on who she is missing. She then expands by saying that something has not gone as planned (I´m a bit of a manic when it´s not as I plan it) and that she starts losing her head and panics in this type of situation. She recollects previous experiences of a similar nature when they always knew when to quit it they were kids. “It” is never specified but it may refer to some kind of hallucinogenic drug. The use of “we” suggests that they were both using “it” and she asks whether they are denying a crisis or scared of admitting it, suggesting that they might be addicted to “it” but they want to break the addiction (And break off the chains and throw them away): This probably refers to the “chains” of addiction

The Lights “Saviour” Lyrics

I don´t want to know

I just want to run to you

I just want to be so much
And shake off the dust that turned me to rust
Sooner than later I'll need a saviour
I'll need a saviour

It won´t ever change if you want it to stay the same
I really hate it but I know it´s hard to choose if you´re chained
And when it´s all you control cause you´ve got nothing less to hold
You´re getting tighter and tighter it´s getting harder to let it go

I don´t want to know

I just want to run to you
And break off the chains and throw them away
I just want to be so much
And shake off the dust that turned me to rust
Sooner than later I'll need a saviour
I'll need a saviour

Stand me up and maybe I won´t be so small
Free my hands and feet and maybe I won´t always fall...
Save me

I just want to run to you
And break off the chains and throw them away
I just want to be so much
And shake off the dust that turned me to rust
I just want to run to you
And break off the chains and throw them away
I just want to be so much
And shake off the dust that turned me to rust
Sooner than later I'll need a saviour
I'll need a saviour

Analysis:

The video begins with a fade in from black to a low panning tracking shot of a skull and a shaped white modern art lamp. The scene is lit with blue and purple filtered lighting connoting mysticism and femininity. This is followed by a close-up slowly panning shot of a plain white table with sheets of paper with drawings showing the development of a cartoon character and a storyboard with coloured pencils and paintbrushes connoting that Valerie Poxleitner (the singer) is a comic strip artist. The camera then cuts to a slow track over Poxleitner’s bedclothes and daytime clothing similarly lit by dark blue light, connoting that the music video is filmed at night. Poxleitner is on top of the bed playing a keytar. The camera then cuts to close-up horizontal panning shot of the keytar and cuts to a bird’s eye view shot of her laying back playing it. The use of the keytar is intended to appear to be the live source of the music since the guitar and her singing is the only parts of the music. There is then a horizontal panning shot of mystical plant-like glass modern ornamentation showing the fragility and delicate nature of her imagination. One of the ornaments has falling sparkling special effects around it reflecting the magic-like power of her imagination. The camera then cuts to a close-up hand-held shot of her face (still singing) which moves hand-held to one of the plant-like ornaments indicating a relation between the delicate nature of the plant and herself.

A slow zoom out is used in order to smooth the transition between shots of Poxleitner, and of the other decorations in her room.

There are multiple shots of Poxleitner which bring the viewer’s attention back to the singer followed by a shot of the unpainted cartoon drawings on her table which cuts back to her, some shots having a purple mist/smoke to the right of her indicating the introduction of additions of her imagination. There is a brief shot of her cartoons running along the arms of a settee and more shots of the singer which completes with her starting to get up. The camera focuses on a cartoon drawing of her along with the development sketches to the right which cuts to a blue portal-like light generated by her imagination as she heads towards itself accompanied by “I just wanna run away” as a cartoon version of her rockets out from the light with a jet pack against a cartoon backdrop of space. The camera cuts to a real shot of her drawing cartoons at the table which cuts back to her in bed with the keytar. There is a tracking pan shot of her walking and numerous similar shot of her drawing and playing the keytar and looking at the ornaments.

There is then a shot of a special effect the cartoon version of her still rocketing through cartoon space facing towards the camera. She (the real version) then blows on a decoration releasing a gentle eruption of superimposed sparkles and the camera cuts to a side medium shot of the cartoon version of her rocketing past an imaginary cartoon space landscape including an image of the impossible cube, planets, a gemstone-like rock and strange planets and asteroids. The use of imaginary cartoon elements in the video represents her imagination and how she wants to escape to a surreal realm generated by her imagination. There is even a shot of the cartoon version of her passing through her real room and her drawing. The cartoon version of her plays with the astronomical landscape and explores other-planetary landscapes vaguely resembling her ornaments. The cartoon version of her displays bravery and confidence that the song shows that she lacks in, perhaps suggesting that they represent the confident explorer that she wants to be. Poxleitner then mimics the actions of her cartoon self with her ornaments.





Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saviour_(song)#Music_and_lyrics

Music Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9jtaWVkNn0

Lyrics: http://www.lyricsmania.com/lyrics/lights_lyrics_40467/the_listening_lyrics_96898/saviour_lyrics_935710.html

'The Man Who Cant be Moved': The Script - Amina Diwa Saadat

Track

Title/Artists:



The Man Who Can't Be Moved - The Script


Genre:

Romance, Narrative/performance built. Indie style.

Target Audience: Young people aged between 15 – 28 years. Mainly for people who like listening to band performances and its about relationships and broken hearts so people in a similar situation might also want to listen to it.

Lyrics:

The lyrics is about a man who is missing his girlfriend who seems to have left him and he wants her back, however he doesn’t have a clue where she is and by the sound of it he cannot contact her either so he is singing this song for her telling her that he will be ‘waiting in the corner of the street’ for her. ‘The corner of the street’ is the place where they both first saw each other and he mentions this on the first line when he says ‘going back to the corner where I first saw you’, this tells us that he is trying to get a message through to the audience and the girl he is singing to that he is going to wait at the place where they first saw each other until she comes and sees him. He mentions ‘I’m not broke I’m just a broken hearted man’, because he is waiting on the streets people think that he is a poor person and which in slang they use ‘broke’ for when someone doesn’t have any money.

The chorus tells us that the man has hope in him because he says, ‘cause if one day you wake up and find that your missing me…..and you’d see me waiting on the corner of the street’. This tells us what the man wants the girl to do and is hoping that she would come for him. The lyrics are quiet straight forward. They don’t have any secret messages hidden in it. It is simple and tells the story quiet well.

The language is simple and easy to understand. It seems as if someone is talking to you in a polite matter. There isn’t any use of slang or anything most people wouldn’t understand so it’s straight forward and simple.

Music:

The music is very relaxing in many ways. It’s not too loud and fast but yet not slow and boring. It starts off with a slow tune with just a guitar tune which gradually builds up with the beat of the drums added to it. The instruments used to create the music are guitars, piano, and drums. At the performance the music and lyrics are both diegetic sounds because we see the band playing the instruments but when he is on the streets the music is non diegetic as the music is not played in the scene.

Video Narrative:

Narrative:

The video is mainly narrative driven but it also can be seen as a performance video because there are scenes in which the band is actually giving a performance in an empty car park. The structure is multi stranded as it has two sections/settings in it. One is when the man is on the streets in a busy city which tells us the main story behind the song and the other is with the whole of the band playing on the instruments which gives the audience a chance to meet the band and see who they are individually.

The mode of address is the man talking to the woman he loves who is not shown in the video at all and but it seems as if we know. He is singing to her and expresses his feelings towards her which gives the audience a chance to get know who this girl is.

Themes:

The main theme of the song is lost love and a broken heart. The man feels lost and torn apart because he is not with the love of his life and would do anything to see her again, even if it meant waiting on the corner of the street for as long as it takes. It also has a theme of a busy lifestyle showing the city and the crowded lifestyle people work and live in. This tells us that in a crowded city which is so large as well, what is the possibility of him finding the girl and hi made seem so easy and simple, by waiting in the corner of the street where he first saw her.

Ideology:

The main ideology used in the video is true love and to how much it means to someone, especially if they would do crazy things to get it back. It also shows the city lifestyle and how busy your life can be just living in a city.

Representations:

The man is being represented as sensitive and broken hearted. It is usually girls in a situation like this that are left broken hearted but in this song we see it from the man’s point of view. Usually men are seen as stronger physically and mentally but in this video he is seen as mentally weak and giving up. The fact that he is waiting for her on the corner of the street makes him seem small and innocent, someone whose feelings can be easily played with.

Technical Codes:


Camerawork:


The video starts off with a low angle pan of the man’s shadow on the pavement which cuts into a medium shot of his face and back to the shadow and then a cut of a medium shot of the man’s whole body walking on the street showing that he is walking in the city and his characteristics by the way he walks and on his facial expressions. It then cuts to his feet from a horizontal angle and then a medium shot of him to show where the man is walking and how he looks like, we can see that he is young and in his mid twenties probably, also we can see that he is going through a lot of grief and pain because he looks very emotional and unhappy. There is a shot when the camera is looking up at the man and is panning around him creating an atmosphere of the city life and telling the audience that he is the main character in the scene.


This is followed by a wide angle pan of him crossing the road shows the environment he is in, a crowded busy city, most likely to be New York. There are many tracking shots of him continually cutting to him walking forward. It then zooms into him and the band performing in an empty ground floor car park which cuts connoting that he is part of the band and the main singer. Then it slowly zooms out from the band and cuts to a medium shot of the drummer playing the drums and back to the man singing. This allows the audience to get to know the band members individually and what their roles are.



The setting changes back to the city where there is a low angle shot behind the man where he sits on the ground facing his back to the camera and cuts to him back in the car park and back to a long shot of him on the streets to a close up of his legs folded and a piece of card board placed next to him saying ‘if you see this girl, tell her where I am’, this signifies him a poor man living on the street because a homeless person is known to sit on the street with a piece of card board saying ‘please give spare change’.


We see an over the shoulder shot of the man facing the public approaching him and feeling sorry. This puts the audience in to the man’s position and sees what he sees which helps them create some kind of bond between the man and the audience a gives him a sense of how he feels. There is a medium shot of the news reporter holding the mic to his mouth and on the screen it says ‘breaking news’ with the man singing on the mic making it seem as if we are watching the news at home and it cuts backs to the street of an over the shoulder shot of the man singing on the mic to the reporter. There is a close up of the watch and picture of the girl placed on the ground beside him, the time is fast forwarded and we can see the hands on the watch moving very fast, it then cuts to an establishing shot of the city at night changing into daylight also connoting the change of time. There are shots of the man fast forwarded cutting to the moon moving in the sky, cars passing on the streets, and people passing by on the streets. This gives a great effect of the time passing by and connotes that the man has been waiting days and nights for the girl to come. It then cuts into him a coat with the hood in the snow, connoting the change of weather.


There is a bird’s eye view of the cars passing by on the motor way which is also fast forwarded leaving streaks of light behind which really stands out in the dark background. The clouds moving around the sun very fast also connote the passing of time. There are different angles of the city, high, low, close up and from various directions to give a sense of the city life feels like at night. The video ends with a medium shot of the man sitting on the street with his sleeping bag beside him telling us that he is still waiting and then fades into black.


Sound:


The video includes synchronous dialogue because the man is singing but doesn’t look at the camera, he is singing to the public and himself. There is also voice over used as the man continuously sings throughout the video but at the same time in some of the scenes we see the city and night life. The music starts off with a relatively slow tune of a guitar as he is walking on the road and after 30 seconds the beat of the drums come in. these two instruments create the main tune of the music, when the man stops singing the guitar and drums are still being played. When the man gets to the chorus of the song the beats become faster and the beats become stronger but once he reaches to the bridge of the song the tone of it slows down and becomes calmer but it goes back to fast and stronger once he sings the chorus again.


The instruments used in the song are guitars, piano. At the performance the music and lyrics are both diegetic sounds whereas in the rest of the video, although the man is looks like he is singing, it may be made to look diegetic but really it could be non diegetic. The man’s voice is very sincere and calm with a light tone to it. It draws the audience closer to the man because his voice has a great tone if, perfect for singing and makes the listener want to hear more. His voice also fits in well the background music, when its slow he sings slowly however when the music gets faster and but beat the chorus gets faster as well so the tone of his voice has to fit in well with the pace of the music, both the singing and the music has to be at the same pace in order to sound right.


Editing:


The video relies on continuity editing to maintain a logic flow of events. There is action match used quiet often as he is walking on the streets, it shows him from different angles. There are jump cuts used especially when they are performing in the car park from close up of the man singing to the whole of the band showing the audience who the band is and a change of location as well. There is diegetic and non diegetic sound used in the video. During the video the song is non diegetic as it is not actually sang whilst making the video, however it is made to look like the man is actually singing so it looks like diegetic. The music played by the band in the car park seems to be diegetic as they are playing the instruments and is a performance.


Editing effects are used to create fast motion to indicate a rapid passage of time. In the video this is shown by hands on a watch, the sun and the moon, the change in weather and the cars passing on the motor way.


The screen is made to look as if the audience is watching the news the screen changes to a red caption saying ‘Breaking news’, this creates a story within the video and draws the audience’s attention to what the man is saying.


Symbolic Codes:


Mise-en-scene:

Setting:


The video is mainly set in the streets in the city, by the looks of it maybe New York City. It shows people’s daily lives as they are walking and driving on their way to work or shopping. It is linked to the lyrics; the city is a big place to find someone without knowing where they are but he mentions that he is going to wait in the corner of the street where they both first met which can be easily found. The performance is set in an empty ground floor car par. It gives a sense of emptiness which links to the man’s feelings as he feels empty without the girl he loves. “The corner of the street” id on the road side in the middle of the Big Apple, one of the busiest and well known cities in the world. This setting really fits in well with the lyrics as he mentions the fact that he will be waiting in the corner of the street and in the video he does as says.


Costume, Hair and Make-up:


The singer is wearing casual everyday clothes, jeans and a jacket, and so are the rest of the band members connoting that what they are doing is something they do every day and they don’t have to dress up for it, they are just going through their daily life routine as being part of a band. There is a policeman in his uniform connoting who he is and what is his job. The news reporter is wearing a suit and holding mic which tell us that she has to dress smartly in order to represent herself on the television screen. The key props used in the video are a watch which he places beside him on the pavement connoting the passing of time as the hands of the watch move around really fast. He also uses a piece of card board saying ‘if you see this girl, tell her where I am’ and a picture of the girl next to it. This is to reveal who he is singing about and get to know the girl more. No one is wearing anything out of the ordinary; they are all represented as normal citizens going through their normal daily lives. The only thing that is unusual is the man sitting in the corner of the streets.


Positioning of Character/s:


The man is being filmed whilst walking down the streets but he is positioned in the middle of the screen which shows that he is the main character and is important. As we look up at the character, we can see that he is standing in the middle of the city looking around and seems to be a little lost in his mind. The audience can also see that the man is the important character because the camera only follows where he goes even though there are plenty of other people around him. The people in the background are not shown as important and therefore there are not many close ups unless the main has something is linked to them or interacts with them. The band performing in the empty car park shows that they are professional musicians who know what they are doing, we see this when the camera cuts on close ups of various members playing their instruments or singing. Also the fact that the man is standing in front and singing tells us that he is the main singer and maybe the leader of the group.

When the man is sitting on the floor, we see an innocent and vulnerable side of him. This is shown by the camera looking down on him making him seem small and harmless. The position of the policeman in the car looking out of the window towards the man tells us that he is realistically more important than the man according to his job but not so important in the story the man is telling. The people from the streets surrounding the man and standing in front of the him and looking down shows that they have sympathy for him.


Facial Expression and Body Language:


The close up shots of the man’s face tells us that he is not happy; he seems to be heartbroken and lost in the world he is living in. The fact that he keeps looking around tells us he is searching for someone or something, in this case we know it is a girl. He looks at the people whilst he is walking and singing as if he is talking to the public, for example when he says ‘can you tell her where I am’ he looks at the man passing by as if he is talking to him. He shakes his head and tells us ‘they don’t understand’, this tells us that he feels no one understands him and no one can feel what he feels. He never looks straight ahead, he either looks down on the ground or up in the sky. This tells is that he is in distress and let down but the fact that he also looks up might mean that he is talking to God and is seeking help from him. When he sits ‘on the corner of the street’ he has an innocent look on his face and wants to wait for the girl he loves.

His legs are crossed and he doesn’t seem to care if he is comfortable or if his clothes would get dirty, the girl that he loves seems to be the only thing on his mind and he will wait there until she comes for him. The expression on the police man’s face shows that he is confused about why the man is sitting on the street which is not normal. The people from the public seem to feel sorry for him and want to listen to what he is saying. He looks down at him and their expression tells us that they want to help him. When the news reporter comes, her expression is serious and tells us that she knows how this man is feeling and she is directly looking at him and whilst holding the mic. She probably has experienced what he is experiencing. As the man sings into the mic, his expressions tells us that he wants everyone watching to know what he is doing and is trying to send a message to the girl. The fact that he is sitting by the road and we see the weather changing we can also see his expressions showing us his he cold in the snow and rain.


Lighting and Colour Design:


The video starts off using natural lighting as the majority of scenes are filmed during the day outside so the sun comes across as the lighting here. It is ambient and the bright sun in the busy city feels warm and welcoming. We can tell that it is around in the afternoon because his shadow is very long. When they do the performance in the car park it seems dark and there are streaks of lights coming through the spaced through the walls. Because it is a ground floor car park there are no windows for lights to get through and the light that actually does come through gives it a great effect as it reflects through the camera and shines across the men’s faces. The white streaks of light might connote a sense of hope for the man, as he is waiting for his lover and therefore there could be hope for him that she might come to him. Towards the end of the video, it is set at night time and therefore the lighting used here are the ones on the streets and most probably some flood lights as well. We can see the city changing from night time and its dark into the daylight.

Also the light of the moon gives a great effect on the dark sky as it moves across the sky showing the change in time. The streaks of light left by the cars on the roads as the video is fast forwarded gives great visual effects and tells the audience in the passing of time. The reds and yellows give a sense of warmth and comfort from the city night but it may also create a sense of danger. This gives us a sense of a busy lifestyle to everyone but to him times just passes by whilst he is still waiting for the girl.

Genre Forms & Conventions

In Dancing in the Distraction Factory (1992, Rouledge), Andrew Goodwin identified seven conventions used in the music videos. One of these conventions is the use of iconography created by the star within and outside of the video, which will eventually become a part of the star's image. Some music videos can be categorised into genre to dictate the style of the video; e.g. performance for a heavy metal band, dance routines for a girl or boy band. Although some transcend genre, music channels tend to focus on particular genres. Goodwin identifies that there is a relationship between the lyrics and the visuals, where one may serve to illustrate or amplify or even contradict the other.

Goodwin points out that music videos also use a lot of voyeurism, particularly with the treatment of women in the videos in the way that camera "looks" at them, for example, in the music videos produced by 50 Cent (late 1990s onwards) such as Wanksta (2002). Goodwin suggests that record labels will often require the artist to have close-ups in the videos, which is largely because of the relatively small size of the television screen and to create a sense of intimacy with the viewer. This emphasises the commodity on sale, which John Stewart from the production company Oil Factory suggests has the aesthetics of a television commercial with lots of close-ups and the use of lighting to focus on the star's face. There are also often intertextual references such as to television programmes and other music videos.

Distinct features characterise music videos, which may be detected by analysing certain key elements of the music videos; the genre style, camerawork, sound track, editing, mise en scene, intertextuality and narrative and performance.

The camera may move to track the performer but can also circle around the stage to give a dynamic feel to the video. Many music videos have a brief opening/closing sequences with sound effects and dialogue (such as the sound effects on The Open Happiness, 2009) but they consist largely of lyrics and music to differentiate them from a singles track. Although it is common for music video promos to use fast-cut montages, this makes it impossible to grasp many of the images on the first viewing, which insures multiple viewing, but some videos use a slower pace and gentler shot transitions, to establish mood (such as Dido in Lets Do The Things We Normally Do, 2008).

Digital effects, such as CGI film-style special effects, are used in music videos to offer different kinds of pleasure for the audience. This is used heavily on the music video Moments In Space (2007) but can also appear to a lesser extent in other videos in the form of split screens and colourization.

The mise en scene of music videos depends on the genre. It may be used to confirm a band's musically by showing them in a performance on a stage or in rehearsal rooms. The mise en scene may be used to emphasise an inspirational lifestyle, such as th latest gadgets. The context may increase the voyeuristic aspect of the video by using a sexual setting such as a sleazy nightclub. The more successful performers will spend large sums on the location, settings, props, costumes and dance routines.

Many music videos borrow freely from existing texts to attract and hold the viewer's attention. This is called intertextuality. The most common sources of texts are cinema and fashion. Madonna's Material Girl (1985) used references to Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend from the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953). Intertextuality using fashion may use references to supermodels or the catwalk. Notable is Robert Palmer's Addiction to Love (1986) which included a 'backing band' of identically clothed women resembling catwalk models, with the camera often focussing on their bright red lips and finger nails.

Music videos may be performance, narrative or concept driven. The narrative style often offers a fragment of a story, often out of chronological order, encouraging the viewer to view the video again. A performance driven video focuses on the artist's performance but may contain narrative too and the artist may be a part of the narrative. The music video may allow the viewer close up contact with the artist in a way not possible in a live concert.

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